Integrated Optical Field Sampling Platform

Some aspects are directed to an all-on-chip, optoelectronic device for sampling arbitrary, low-energy, near-infrared waveforms under ambient conditions. This solid-state integrated detector uses optical-field-driven electron emission from resonant nanoantennas to achieve petahertz-level switching speeds by generating on-chip attosecond electron burst. Also disclosed is a cross-correlation technique based on perturbation of local electron field emission rates that allows for the full characterization or arbitrary electric fields down to 1 femtojoule, and/or on the order of 500 kV/m, using plasmonic nanoantennas.