Metallic Reinforced Transparent Conductive Oxides

A solar cell can include a first transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer proximate to a first charge transport layer; a second TCO layer proximate to a second charge transport layer; a perovskite layer disposed between first and second charge transport layers; a first plurality of electrically conductive lines disposed between the first TCO layer and the first charge transport layer; and/or a second plurality of electrically conductive lines disposed between the second TCO layer and second charge transport layer.