Means for Mitigating Poisoning and/or Enhancing Performance of Metal Oxide-Based Devices Relying on Oxygen Adsorption and/or Exchange

Some aspects of the present disclosure are related to modified electrodes, for example, for use in fuel cells. In some cases, the electrode may comprise a mixed-ionic-electronic-conducting (MIEC) oxide and a basic oxide. In some cases, the basic oxide may alter the electron density of the MIEC oxide and improve its catalytic performance, for example, like the oxygen reduction reaction. For instance, the catalytic performance of a MIEC oxide comprising a perovskite towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) may be improved by using a basic oxide comprising CaO and/or Li2O. Some aspects disclosed herein are directed to methods of preventing or treating chromia or silica poisoning of a MIEC oxide, wherein the method comprises treating the MIEC electrode with a basic oxide infiltrant.