ION CAGING for Scale Prevention in High Recovery Desalination Systems
Cations that can precipitate from an aqueous composition to produce scaling are sequestered by adding a multi-dentate ligand to the aqueous composition. The multi-dentate ligand bonds with the cation to form a non-scaling ionic complex; and the aqueous solution with the ionic complex is used in a process that produces substantially pure water from the aqueous composition, where the cation, absent formation of the ionic complex, is subject to scaling. The pH of the aqueous composition (or a brine including components of the aqueous composition) is then reduced to release the cation from the multi-dentate ligand; and the multi-dentate ligand, after the cation is released, is then reused in a predominantly closed loop.
Researchers
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            ion caging for scale prevention in high-recovery desalination
 Saudi Arabia | Granted | 6,555
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            ion sequestration for scale prevention in high-recovery desalination systems
 United States of America | Granted | 9,617,179
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            ion caging for scale prevention in high-recovery desalination
 Australia | Granted | 0
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            ion caging for scale prevention in high-recovery desalination
 China | Granted | 2,014,800,067,902
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            ion sequestration for scale prevention in high-recovery desalination systems
 Israel | Granted | 240,462
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            ion caging for scale prevention in high-recovery desalination
 India | Granted | 307,096
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            ion sequestration for scale prevention in high-recovery desalination systems
 Singapore | Granted | 11,201,505,708
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            ion caging for scale prevention in high-recovery desalination
 Korea (south) | Published application
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            ion caging for scale prevention in high-recovery desalination
 South Africa | Granted | 2,015
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            ion sequestration for scale prevention
 United States of America | Granted | 9,957,180
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