Crystallization from Undersaturated Solutions Using Functionalized Nanoparticles

Aspects of the disclosure relate to methods and compositions of altering a solution through the use of readily retrievable agents (e.g., a nanoparticle) having one or more functional groups configured to undergo a solvation interaction with a component of the solution. Compositions, systems, and methods for crystallizing organic and inorganic compounds from solutions using nanoparticles surface coated with functional groups that create a supersaturated state in the solution and reversal thereof. Compositions, systems, and methods for purifying water or active pharmaceutical ingredients. Compositions, systems, and methods for increasing the solubility of a solution and reversal of the same. Compositions, systems, and methods for decreasing the solubility of a crystallized compound and reversal of the same.