Advanced Architectures and Operating Principles for Electrochemical Neuro-Modulation

A prosthetic device includes a closed loop system for maintaining a predetermined concentration of a target ion in a region in proximity to a cell, such as a nerve cell. The device includes a controller and an ion-selective electrode assembly operatively connected to the controller, wherein the ion-selective electrode configuration is configured to sense the concentration of the target ion by potentiometric measurement and to convey the concentration to the con-troller. The controller is configured to modulate the current to the ion-selective electrode assembly based on the concentration of the target ion to control the concentration of the target ion so as to maintain the predetermined concentration of the target ion.